Sickle cell anemia is a genetic blood disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. In sickle cell anemia, the hemoglobin forms stiff rods within the red blood cells, causing them to become rigid and take on a crescent or "sickle" shape. These abnormal red blood cells can get stuck in blood vessels, leading to pain, organ damage, and a variety of complications.

People with sickle cell anemia often experience symptoms such as chronic pain, fatigue, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), and delayed growth. They are also at increased risk for infections, stroke, acute chest syndrome (a lung complication), and other serious health problems.

Treatment for sickle cell anemia focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications. This may include pain management, hydration, antibiotics to prevent infections, blood transfusions, and medications to reduce the frequency of crises and complications. In some cases, bone marrow or stem cell transplants may be considered as a potential cure.